Phenotype Plasticity in Genetic Programming: A Comparison of Darwinian and Lamarckian Inheritance Schemes
نویسندگان
چکیده
We consider a form of phenotype plasticity in Genetic Programming (GP). This takes the form of a set of real-valued numerical parameters associated with each individual, an optimisation (or learning) algorithm for adapting their values, and an inheritance strategy for propagating learned parameter values to oospring. We show that plastic GP has signiicant beneets including faster evolution and adaptation in changing environments compared with non-plastic GP. The paper also considers the diierences between Darwinian and Lamarckian inheritance schemes and shows that the former is superior in dynamic environments.
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